About CBT
What is CBT?
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a highly effective evidence-based, solution-focused therapy that can help you overcome emotional problems, like depression and anxiety. Although CBT is called a “talking therapy”, emotional change very much depends on behavioural change. As such, CBT involves more than just talking about solutions-you will actively work toward behavioural change.
The Cognitive element of CBT refers to the thoughts, images or memories you have. Sometimes thoughts can be helpful, such as “I am doing my best” and “I am coping.” But sometimes the thoughts we have are less helpful, i.e., “I am not coping,” or “I am going to fail.” These are called negative thoughts, because they have a negative effect on how you feel.
The Behavioural component of CBT refers to behaviours and strategies you engage in to cope with how you feel, i.e., procrastination, avoidance, setting unrealistic standards.
The goal of CBT is to help you identify which behaviours and thoughts may be impacting your emotions and getting in the way of you reaching your goals, and to help you develop new ways of coping.
Causal factors and maintaining factors
Causal factors
Causal factors are those events or situations that precipitate an emotional response, i.e., the loss of a job, the break-down of a relationship, difficulty conceiving, or several stressors occurring all at once. One or more of these events may contribute to the development of anxiety or depression, but it is the maintaining factors below, that actually keep the anxiety or depression going, and this is why the focus of our CBT sessions will be on the maintaining factors.
Unlike other talking therapies that focus mainly on the past (specifically, your early relationship with your parents, for example), cognitive-behavioural therapy is more present-focused, and is more concerned with what keeps your current problems going today (i.e., what beliefs and behaviours are holding you back from achieving your goals today), rather than on what caused the problems in the first place. The beliefs and behaviours that keep your problems going are called maintaining factors.
Maintaining factors
Maintaining factors consist of negative thoughts and behaviours.
Negative thoughts:
- I am a fraud
- I can’t cope
- Things will never get better
- Nothing ever goes as planned
- I am not valued
- I am wasting my time
Behaviours:
- Procrastination
- Excessive drinking
- Withdrawing from family/friends
- Avoiding important tasks
- Sleeping more than usual
These are all maintaining factors because they maintain your anxiety and depression and keep you stuck. The thoughts have a negative effect on how you feel, and when you feel bad, you engage in behaviours that are unhelpful-they prevent you from moving closer to your goals. Therefore, they maintain your problems.
CBT-a practical therapy
CBT brings logic to emotional problems; when everything may seem overwhelming and nonsensical, CBT can bring logic and sense to your problems. One way we achieve this is by breaking down your problems into various parts (thoughts, feelings, behaviours).
The ABC of CBT
One of the principles of CBT is that the way you think (Cognitive) about a situation, influences how you feel and behave (Behavioural). Our thoughts play a key role in the way we feel, and they also influence how we behave towards ourselves and others.
Let’s take a look at an example using the ABC model of emotional problems:
A=activating event (trigger)
B=beliefs and thoughts
C=consequences (emotional and behavioural)
Example: Mike and Sam have both lost their jobs. Let’s call “loss of job” the “activating event” or “trigger”. Now let’s look at how they both think about and respond, to this activating event.
Mike
| A(Activating Event/Trigger) | Beliefs (Thoughts) | Consequences (emotional and behavioural) |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of job | “I’ll never find a good job again; this was the ideal job; what if I can’t find another job”. | Depression, worry, withdrawal from people, stay in bed far too long each day, avoid getting on with tasks. |
Sam
| A(Activating Event/Trigger) | Beliefs (Thoughts) | Consequences (emotional and behavioural) |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of job | “It’s too bad I lost this job, I really enjoyed it and liked my colleagues but it’s not the end of the world; I know I am employable so I’ll just spend some time putting my CV together and send it out to prospective employers.” | Upset, not depressed, takes proactive steps to finding new job. |
Can you spot any differences in the way these two people think? How about how they each responded to their thoughts? Did you notice that Mike behaved in a “depressed” way whilst Sam responded in a more proactive way to the same situation?
CBT will help you to identify and evaluate the validity of your negative thoughts; negative thoughts are the thoughts that make you feel bad and prevent you from reaching your goals.
The ABC of CBT
One of the principles of CBT is that the way you think (Cognitive) about a situation, influences how you feel and behave (Behavioural). Our thoughts play a key role in the way we feel, and they also influence how we behave towards ourselves and others.
Let’s take a look at an example using the ABC model of emotional problems:
A=activating event (trigger)
B=beliefs and thoughts
C=consequences (emotional and behavioural)
Example: Mike and Sam have both lost their jobs. Let’s call “loss of job” the “activating event” or “trigger”. Now let’s look at how they both think about and respond, to this activating event.
Mike
| A(Activating Event/Trigger) | Beliefs (Thoughts) | Consequences (emotional and behavioural) |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of job | “I’ll never find a good job again; this was the ideal job; what if I can’t find another job”. | Depression, worry, withdrawal from people, stay in bed far too long each day, avoid getting on with tasks. |
Sam
| A(Activating Event/Trigger) | Beliefs (Thoughts) | Consequences (emotional and behavioural) |
|---|---|---|
| Loss of job | “It’s too bad I lost this job, I really enjoyed it and liked my colleagues but it’s not the end of the world; I know I am employable so I’ll just spend some time putting my CV together and send it out to prospective employers.” | Upset, not depressed, takes proactive steps to finding new job. |
Can you spot any differences in the way these two people think? How about how they each responded to their thoughts? Did you notice that Mike behaved in a “depressed” way whilst Sam responded in a more proactive way to the same situation?
CBT will help you to identify and evaluate the validity of your negative thoughts; negative thoughts are the thoughts that make you feel bad and prevent you from reaching your goals.
“Marla was supportive, committed, patient and a good listener- she was well prepared prior to our sessions, which ensured that our meetings were focused and result oriented”. RS from the City
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy and Early Experiences
CBT is present-focused, and most of our work will focus on your present situation. During our initial sessions, however, we will complete a CBT assessment to explore your history and early experiences. By taking time to think about where your beliefs come from, and how they may be negatively impacting your life and relationships today, you can gain distance from them, in order to develop healthier and more helpful self beliefs.
It’s often difficult to know how much the past is contributing to your present distress and problems, but you may find some of these clues helpful:
- Long-standing anger towards one or both parents about the past
- Seeking approval from your parents (as an adult)
- Blaming yourself for something that has happened in the past
- Difficulty letting go of something that has happened in the past
- Difficulty remaining present-focused in session and instead feeling the need to talk about the past
If you relate to any of the above, it may be important for us to spend some time exploring how your past is affecting you now. However, if you are interested in spending all of your time in therapy exploring your past, it may be that you need a different therapy, one that focuses mainly on your past relationships.
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy and Early Experiences
CBT is present-focused, and most of our work will focus on your present situation. During our initial sessions, however, we will complete a CBT assessment to explore your history and early experiences. By taking time to think about where your beliefs come from, and how they may be negatively impacting your life and relationships today, you can gain distance from them, in order to develop healthier and more helpful self beliefs.
It’s often difficult to know how much the past is contributing to your present distress and problems, but you may find some of these clues helpful:
- Long-standing anger towards one or both parents about the past
- Seeking approval from your parents (as an adult)
- Blaming yourself for something that has happened in the past
- Difficulty letting go of something that has happened in the past
- Difficulty remaining present-focused in session and instead feeling the need to talk about the past
If you relate to any of the above, it may be important for us to spend some time exploring how your past is affecting you now. However, if you are interested in spending all of your time in therapy exploring your past, it may be that you need a different therapy, one that focuses mainly on your past relationships.
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy and Early Experiences
CBT is present-focused, and most of our work will focus on your present situation. During our initial sessions, however, we will complete a CBT assessment to explore your history and early experiences. By taking time to think about where your beliefs come from, and how they may be negatively impacting your life and relationships today, you can gain distance from them, in order to develop healthier and more helpful self beliefs.
It’s often difficult to know how much the past is contributing to your present distress and problems, but you may find some of these clues helpful:
- Long-standing anger towards one or both parents about the past
- Seeking approval from your parents (as an adult)
- Blaming yourself for something that has happened in the past
- Difficulty letting go of something that has happened in the past
- Difficulty remaining present-focused in session and instead feeling the need to talk about the past
If you relate to any of the above, it may be important for us to spend some time exploring how your past is affecting you now. However, if you are interested in spending all of your time in therapy exploring your past, it may be that you need a different therapy, one that focuses mainly on your past relationships.
Long-Standing Beliefs
As children, we receive messages about ourselves through our interactions with the adults in our lives. Over time, these messages become so ingrained that they develop into self-beliefs. It is not unusual to carry these beliefs into adulthood. Unfortunately, some of the beliefs we first developed as children can be quite negative and unhelpful, such as:
- I am fat
- I am ugly
- I am different
- I am incompetent
- I am worthless
Through our CBT sessions, we will explore together the messages you received about yourself when you were young—i.e., “I am lovable” or “I am unlovable”; “I am competent” or “I am stupid”; “I am fat” or “I am too skinny”. We will also discuss where these messages came from and whether they came from a reliable source. When we are young, we do not have the know-how to stand back and question how true these messages are. We are told that a parent is always right, so we believe the things that adults tell us, even if it makes us feel bad about ourselves.
However, now that you are an adult, you can learn to stand back and question the validity of these messages and even question the source of the messages. For example, you may realize that a parent, teacher, sibling, or classmate used to call you “thick” or “stupid” because they felt like a failure, they may have been depressed or they were repeating behaviour they experienced growing up. The treatment you received had nothing to do with you, but it’s easy to personalize negative experiences and create your own meaning—i.e., “it is my fault” “I really am bad”—when you are too young to know or understand differently.
Together, we will consider:
- Were these beliefs helpful to you as a child?
- Are they helpful to you today, now that you are an adult?
- Are they holding you back from reaching your goals?
- Do they prevent from you feeling good about yourself?
Through our CBT sessions, we will explore together the messages you received about yourself when you were young—i.e., “I am lovable” or “I am unlovable”; “I am competent” or “I am stupid”; “I am fat” or “I am too skinny”. We will also discuss where these messages came from and whether they came from a reliable source. When we are young, we do not have the know-how to stand back and question how true these messages are. We are told that a parent is always right, so we believe the things that adults tell us, even if it makes us feel bad about ourselves.
However, now that you are an adult, you can learn to stand back and question the validity of these messages and even question the source of the messages. For example, you may realize that a parent, teacher, sibling, or classmate used to call you “thick” or “stupid” because they felt like a failure, they may have been depressed or they were repeating behaviour they experienced growing up. The treatment you received had nothing to do with you, but it’s easy to personalize negative experiences and create your own meaning—i.e., “it is my fault” “I really am bad”—when you are too young to know or understand differently.
Together, we will consider:
- Were these beliefs helpful to you as a child?
- Are they helpful to you today, now that you are an adult?
- Are they holding you back from reaching your goals?
- Do they prevent from you feeling good about yourself?
Principles of CBT
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is based on the following principles which set it apart from other therapies:
Goal-oriented
Goal-oriented
Present-focused
While it can be helpful to understand what has contributed to the development of your distress or dissatisfaction, it isn’t a requisite. We don’t need to understand what caused a problem in order to resolve it. One of the obvious reasons for this is because we cannot change the past, we can only learn from it.
Take a physical analogy: if you broke your leg, would you need to know how you broke it, in order to mend it? Of course not. Similarly, we don’t need to know why you became depressed in order to help you overcome your depression. It can, however, be helpful to understand what has contributed to the development of your depression, but it isn’t a requisite to know that in order to overcome it.
It is possible to be so invested in knowing why you became depressed, that you get stuck and are unable to get yourself well. It is more important to know what steps to take to get well, than to know how you got here in the first place. We will work together to understand and address the thoughts and behaviours that may be impacting your emotions and getting in the way of reaching your goals.
Highly structured
Time-limited
Collaborative
Measure progress
Learning Principles
Active participation
In some talking therapies, the patient (client) is encouraged to talk for most of the therapy hour, while the therapist listens. But, by taking an active approach-noting down important points discussed and practicing new ways of thinking and behaving in everyday life, between sessions-you are more likely to make progress. It takes more than just “talking” to get better; you need to “do” and carry your new learning into your daily life.
Daily practice
Willingness to Change
Fosters Independence and Self-Help
Do you still have questions about CBT?
Learn more about how CBT works and what you can expect during our sessions.
